While writing the article on what makes athletes “hypegenic” and analyzing Dennis Rodman, I concluded that athlete relationships—especially dating mainstream celebrities—do indeed add to the hype. So, since this blog focuses on scientific research, I naturally had to back this up with data to see if it’s actually the case.
Personal Perspective
From a personal perspective, as a ’90s kid, I have to admit that, with limited access to NBA games, my favorite player on the legendary Chicago Bulls wasn’t MJ or Pippen; it was Dennis Rodman. And it had little to do with his rebounding skills. No. What made Rodman stand out to me were his wild hair colors and his relationship with Carmen Electra.
With Baywatch being a global sensation at the time, you were either Team-Pamela or Team-Carmen, and I was firmly the latter. So seeing Rodman and Carmen together, to 8 or 9-year-old me meant, that this guy was THE SHIT. His persona brought a unique character to the Bulls, making them not only one of the best teams ever on the court but probably the most iconic team ever (we will explore this once we have enough research done about what creates team value).
Now, let’s dive into the science behind athlete relationships with celebrities. While research on Rodman himself is limited, the field has exploded with the recent Travis Kelce & Taylor Swift romance. We can also look at David Beckham & Posh Spice (Victoria Beckham) and how their relationship sparked a surge in soccer’s popularity in the U.S., and then we will analyze the relationship between Kim Kardashian and Kris Humphries. Talking about the last one, the whole Kardashian/Jenner athlete relationships is another interesting topic, but it will require a separate analysis.
Kelce & Swift: The New Pinnacle of Athlete Relationships
As I’ve already mentioned, the Kelce-Swift relationship is making waves in scientific research—and for good reason. Personally, I have a genuine interest in the NFL and love American football, but it’s nearly impossible to watch it in Lithuania. Each year, I only manage to catch the Super Bowl, and, unfortunately, it’s not always in legalest of ways.
So, I know players like Tom Brady, Rob Gronkowski, and Patrick Mahomes, but Travis Kelce grabbed my full attention only when I heard about his relationship with Taylor Swift. And I’m definitely not the only one.
Even my friends, who have zero interest in the NFL, knew who Kelce was. The “Swift Effect” had a massive impact not only on Kelce but on the entire American football ecosystem and its’ entities: the NFL (the league), the Kansas City Chiefs (his team), his teammates, and basically everyone connected to them.
The Effect on the American Football Ecosystem
First off, let’s be clear—Kelce wasn’t a no-name in football. As Morgan (2023) notes, his profile has been climbing ever since Catching Kelce aired in 2016. He’s won two Super Bowls with Kansas City, scored touchdowns in each, and racked up eight Pro Bowl selections. He’s even made moves as a media personality, hosting Saturday Night Live and running a popular football podcast. But when it comes to boosting his celebrity status, nothing compares to his connection with Taylor Swift (Morgan, 2023).
As Baron (2024) says, “big reputation” is what perfectly defines Taylor Swift, the twelve-time Grammy winner and Time’s 2023 Person of the Year. Swift’s 2023 was massive—her Eras Tour covered 19 states, included 146 shows, boosted the U.S. economy by over $1 billion, and became the highest-grossing tour ever (Schilke, 2023). Even her concert documentary made over $250 million, beating out Michael Jackson’s This Is It (Cobb, 2024).
How the Relationship Boosted Kelce’s Popularity
Once rumors started in August 2023, Kelce’s popularity skyrocketed after Swift attended her first Chiefs game on September 24. Here’s a quick breakdown:
- Chiefs vs. Bears Game Viewership: The game averaged 24.3 million viewers, the most-watched of the weekend (Thomas, 2023).
- Jersey Sales Surge: Kelce’s jersey sales jumped by 400% that week (Maaddi, 2023).
- Social Media Growth: He gained 500,000 new Instagram followers, totaling over 1.3 million new followers across all platforms, doubling his following from 2.8 million to 6.4 million by the season’s end (Baron, 2024).
The Swift-Kelce Effect on New Heights Podcast
Kelce’s New Heights podcast with his brother Jason also saw huge boosts:
- Audience Growth: “Four-and-a-half times increase in weekly reach among listeners aged 13 and older” (Edison Research, 2023).
- Rise in Female Listeners: Female listeners went from 32% to 50% (Edison Research, 2023).
- YouTube Surge: The September 29 episode drew 1.9 million views, up from 722,000 the week before (Tucker, 2023).
- Top Rankings: New Heights reached No. 1 on Apple’s sports podcast list and became the top sports podcast in the U.S. for 2023 (Traina, 2023).
Attracting New NFL Demographics
Swift’s Chiefs game appearances brought new fans, especially women:
- Chiefs vs. Jets Game (Oct 1): This game drew 26.7 million viewers, peaking at 29.4 million, the highest viewership since the Super Bowl. “According to preliminary data… that’s a 22% lift from last year’s Week 4 game” (Bell, 2023).
- Demographic Spikes: Teen girl viewership rose by 53%, and women ages 18-24 and 35+ rose by 24% and 34%, respectively (Bell, 2023).
Financial Impact on the NFL
Swift’s influence also meant big financial gains for the NFL:
- Revenue Boost: Swift generated $331.5 million for the NFL by the season’s end through print, digital, social media, and TV coverage (Fleming, 2024).
- Super Bowl LVIII Streaming Record: The Super Bowl became the most-streamed ever on CBS, averaging 123.4 million viewers with a reach of 202.4 million (Hailu, 2024).
In summary, the Kelce-Swift connection is a prime example of how athlete relationships with a celebrity can reshape their public image, attract new fans, and boost revenue—creating a massive impact on Kelce’s status, the Chiefs, and the NFL as a whole.
Two other great articles to look at:
- Taylor Swift vs NFL Fans;
- The Kelce/Swift Phenomena: Real-Time Analysis of Social Media Activity During the October 1st Chiefs/Jets Game.
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Rodman: The One and Only Basketball’s Rockstar
According to Osborne et al. (2016), sport scandals, particularly off-field incidents, provide high-value content for the media. And Dennis Rodman was the epitome of sport scandals. From wearing a wedding dress in order to promote his book, to dating global music star Madonna and marrying Carmen Electra – Rodman was all over the place (England, 2023).
Rodman also turned his hair into a canvas, showcasing everything from teammate tributes and social causes to bold colors and smiley faces, bringing a fresh look to the court nightly in an era when such expressions were rare (Lewis, 2023).
Rodman’s boldness extended beyond fashion, as he openly supported the LGBTQ community and challenged traditional gender norms in a 1996 Oprah interview, unfazed by probing questions about his own sexuality and leaving many both stunned and intrigued (Lewis, 2023).
According to Dunbar (1999), Rodman’s ‘bad self’ persona drove revenue for both himself and the NBA. While the league branded him as the ‘one bad apple’ to protect its image, it simultaneously profited from his popularity, which surged as he embraced dyed hair, tattoos, piercings, and public cross-dressing. Rodman, fully aware of this, regularly challenged NBA elites to expel him, knowing they wouldn’t risk losing his economic value.
His spectacle of excessive imagery satisfied the demands of an ‘ever-expanding visual space’ (Boyd, 1997b, p. 5) in mass media, aligning with a cultural script of desire that made him a ‘fetishized part-object’ for fans (Garber, 1992, pp. 366-367). By embodying this persona, Rodman expanded his fan base and cemented his status as a commercial icon across media and entertainment.
Carmen Electra Effect
As Dunbar (1999) pointed out, Rodman didn’t just change his image—he boosted the NBA’s popularity in a big way. And then came Carmen Electra, one of Baywatch’s main stars. And why does Baywatch matter? At its peak, it was the most-watched TV show globally, setting a Guinness World Record with over 1.1 billion viewers weekly across 142 countries in 1996. Covering every continent except Antarctica, the show eventually reached 148 countries and was translated into 44 languages (Guinness World Records, 1999).
According to article Carmen Electra And Dennis Rodman: A Love Story Like No Other (2024),they were the ultimate ‘90s couple—bold, wild, and totally unpredictable.
They didn’t just follow the rules of fame—they rewrote them. Together, they brought a wave of media attention to the NBA, by blending NBA’s and Baywatch brands in a way that reached beyond sports. Their relationship pushed the NBA into the mainstream spotlight, attracting fans that weren’t fans of basketball from every corner and making Rodman a household name.
Electra and Rodman’s whirlwind romance reshaped the NBA’s image, showing that basketball stars could capture the world’s attention far beyond the court.
And also, don’t forget Rodman was with the probably the most icon-filled basketball team of all time, the Chicago Bulls. So, success on court, was as important for Dennis Rodman to become an icon and the hypegenic player he was, but relationships with celebrities definitely added even more to his legendary status.
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The Beckhams: Celebrities that Sparked Football’s Popularity in the US
Even though basketball holds an almost religious status in Lithuania, but being from Europe, you can’t ignore the fact that football (soccer) is the number one sport. In the late ’90s, the most iconic team was Manchester United, who, in the 1998-1999 season, won the Treble of the Premier League, FA Cup, and UEFA Champions League—becoming the first English team to achieve this feat.
It’s no surprise, considering the team was led by the genius coach Sir Alex Ferguson, now regarded as an icon and absolute legend. Not only was this squad packed with talent, but many key players came up through Manchester United’s youth system, which added to its greatness. These players included prospects that turned into club icons such as: Paul Scholes, Ryan Giggs, Gary Neville, Phil Neville, and the star of our story and a sports icon—David Beckham.
Beckham would’ve been a star in Europe regardless, but he had something that elevated him to global celebrity status: his significant other, Victoria Adams, aka Posh Spice, one of the singers from the mega-popular group Spice Girls. This is what makes them one of the prime examples of athlete relationships.
Beckham Effect on MLS
First of all, it’s important to note that interest in soccer in the U.S. initially sparked in the 1970s, when the North American Soccer League (NASL) featured players like Pelé, Franz Beckenbauer, and Johan Cruyff, and again in 1994 when the U.S. hosted the World Cup. However, neither of these events had the mass impact that Beckham created—and I believe that’s because Beckham was more than just a sports star.
On January 11, 2007, MLS announced that David Beckham had signed a five-year contract. This signing used the league’s Designated Player (DP) rule, which lets teams bring in star players at market value without impacting the salary cap. Beckham’s salary alone was reported to be $32.5 million over five years (Wahl, 2009). His deal included a percentage of revenue from all Los Angeles Galaxy jersey and ticket sales, plus an option to buy a future MLS expansion team for $25 million—a bargain compared to its true market value. Altogether, Beckham’s contract was valued at over $250 million (Wahl, 2009).
Mason (1999) argues that the oversaturation of spectator entertainment calls for strong league-level marketing strategies. According to Shapiro et. al (2017), Beckham’s signing was exactly that—a move by MLS to boost the sport’s visibility in the U.S., and its impact was huge. In 2007, MLS saw:
- A 700% increase in jersey sales (with Galaxy jerseys alone up 5210%),
- A 117% jump in MLS website traffic in July, Beckham’s first month playing,
- The Galaxy securing a $20 million, five-year jersey sponsorship with Herbalife,
- An additional 11,000 season tickets sold, along with all 42 luxury suites sold out for the season.
Beckham’s games averaged 37,659 attendees, while the league-wide average that year was 16,770 (‘David Beckham’, 2012). His presence also boosted other teams, with 9 out of 11 MLS teams seeing increased attendance from 2006 to 2007 (‘MLS attendance second best’, 2007).
How is Victoria Behind All of This?
Soccer may have been Beckham’s gateway to fame, but the real turning point—and what made him a multifaceted brand—was his high-profile marriage to Victoria “Posh Spice” Adams. Known as a member of the Spice Girls, Victoria was already a household name and socialite in the late ’90s. Their celebrity antics and friendships with other A-listers kept them in the tabloids everywhere they went.
According to Morton (2000), individually, they were icons; together, they became an unstoppable commercial force, drawing twice the attention. Victoria receives as much media interest as David, celebrated for her fashion sense and glamour. Dubbed “Posh and Becks,” they were seen as “the people’s royalty,” with their £2.5 million (about $5 million USD) home in Hertfordshire earning the nickname “Beckingham Palace.” Piers Morgan, former editor of The Mirror, noted, “On a slow news day, we used to lead with the royals; now we go with Queen Posh and King David” (Morton, 2000, p. 19).
Since arriving in Los Angeles in the late summer of 2007, the Beckham duo has attracted massive media attention. David graced the cover of Sports Illustrated and launched his own weekly TV show, David Beckham’s Soccer USA, on Fox Soccer Channel and MLSnet.com. Meanwhile, Victoria starred in a one-off TV special, Victoria Beckham: Coming to America. Beckham’s continued star power was evident when his December 2007 Armani ad, featuring him in tight white briefs, boosted sales by 260% (Vincent et al., 2009).
The Beckhams further expanded their brand with the Intimately Beckham line of “his and hers” fragrances in collaboration with Coty, the world’s largest fragrance company. They also launched the dVb (David and Victoria Beckham) label, debuting sunglasses and denim collections, with the brand opening its first concession in Harrods, London’s iconic department store.
The Beckhams’ Hollywood move has clearly boosted their brand globally. To prove why this is one of the most successful athlete relationships with celebrities ever, let’s look at the numbers. Their status as a power couple with a combined net worth of around $514 million. David’s career as one of the highest-paid footballers, along with lucrative endorsements with brands like Pepsi, Adidas, and Armani, led to earnings of $800 million by retirement. His business ventures, including DB Ventures, further boosted his wealth to approximately $450 million. Meanwhile, Victoria’s evolution from Spice Girl to fashion mogul has built her a personal net worth of around $70 million, with a successful fashion and beauty brand.
Together, they share luxury properties, including a $37 million mansion, an extensive car collection, and an impressive $45 million art portfolio. Their recent Netflix documentary has only heightened their influence, with their fortune continuing to grow. (Loshala, 2023)
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Kris Humphries & Kim Kardashian: Opposite Others
The Kardashians and Jenners have had plenty of athlete relationships across different sports, and their NBA lineup alone is pretty impressive. Khloe Kardashian, leading the way here, has dated Rashard McCants, Rick Fox, Lamar Odom, James Harden, and Tristan Thompson. Kendall Jenner’s list is even longer, including D’Angelo Russell, Chandler Parsons, Jordan Clarkson, Blake Griffin, Ben Simmons, Kyle Kuzma, and Devin Booker (Bates, 2023). But my main focus is on the biggest name of them all—Kim Kardashian .
Kim has been linked to Reggie Bush and Miles Austin (both NFL) and even Cristiano Ronaldo, but the (un)luckiest of them all was Kris Humphries. He dated Kim for less than year and was famously married to her for just 72 days.
Out of all athlete relationships I chose this couple mainly because of their completely different levels of popularity. Even compared to other players the Kardashians and Jenners have dated, Humphries (excuse me for saying this) was the most mediocre of the bunch (see Table 1), despite having some high-profile accolades before becoming pro (Wikipedia).
| Player | Career PPG |
|---|---|
| James Harden | 24.7 |
| Devin Booker | 23.9 |
| Blake Griffin | 19.8 |
| D’Angelo Russell | 17.7 |
| Kyle Kuzma | 16.0 |
| Jordan Clarkson | 15.5 |
| Ben Simmons | 14.7 |
| Lamar Odom | 13.3 |
| Chandler Parsons | 12.7 |
| Rashad McCants | 10.0 |
| Rick Fox | 9.6 |
| Tristan Thompson | 9.0 |
| Kris Humphries | 6.7 |
Even if we look at players scoring below 10 PPG, Rick Fox was a starter and played a key role in the legendary Los Angeles Lakers team that pulled off a three-peat from 2000 to 2002. While Tristan Thompson was part of the iconic Cavaliers run, when they came back from a 1-3 deficit to defeat the Golden State Warriors in the 2016 NBA Finals.
So, if it weren’t for Kim, there’s no way we’d still be talking about Humphries, who retired from the NBA back in 2017. But here we are, bringing up his case. And WAAAY more people were on his case during one of the most famous athlete relationships with a celebrity in 2010-2011.
Numbers Don’t Lie
To illustrate this influence it’d be great if we could have social media stats to look at, but unfortunately Instagram was introduced to us at the same time this relationship was happening.
Still, we can look at some other impressive this athlete engagement stats:
- Most Hated in the NBA: In 2011, Forbes listed the NBA’s most disliked players, featuring Miami’s Big 3, Tony Parker (after his cheating scandal with Eva Longoria), and Kobe. At the top? Kris Humphries, with 50% of the vote (Friel, 2017).
- Wedding Cash Grab: Their short-lived marriage reportedly earned Kardashian and Humphries $17 million. Humphries made $17 million across his entire NBA career but pocketed the same amount in one day by marrying a reality star. Two years prior, no one knew him, and now he was the NBA’s most disliked player (Friel, 2017).
- E! Network paid them $15 million to air the wedding (Friel, 2017).
- People Magazine gave $2.5 million for exclusive photos (Friel, 2017).
- People Magazine also paid $300,000 just to break the engagement news first (Friel, 2017).
- Google Trends: The spikes in Humphries’ popularity line up exactly with his time dating Kim. And to see how wild this is—the red line shows LeBron James, the yellow line is Michael Jordan, and the green line is Kobe Bryant. This means that, during the peak of this relationship (which was the divorce part 😅), Kris was actually more popular than LeBron, MJ, and Kobe.
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Conclusion: Athlete Relationships do Affect the Sports Ecosystem
All four of these examples prove one thing—athlete relationships with mainstream celebrities has a big impact on the sports ecosystem around them. Whether it boosts the popularity of a sport, league, team, or the athlete themselves, connecting with the entertainment industry (ecosystem) can create major waves.
This means more fan attention (even if it’s temporary), and that brings a prime opportunity for sponsors to jump in when the buzz is hot.
And, of course, mainstream celebrities can impact sports not just by dating athletes—they can be fans or even owners themselves, like Jack Nicholson with the Lakers or Ryan Reynolds with Wrexham FC. But more on that later…
Honorable Mentions
Now, I know that you might think that I probably missed some important relationships, so I did some additional research to provide an additional list of honorable mentions of athlete relationships with mainstream celebrities
Joe DiMaggio & Marilyn Monroe
- Athlete: Baseball legend Joe DiMaggio
- Celebrity: Iconic actress Marilyn Monroe
- Notability: Their brief but iconic marriage in the 1950s captivated the public and remains legendary, embodying the union of Hollywood glamour and athletic greatness.
Tom Brady & Gisele Bündchen
- Athlete: NFL star quarterback Tom Brady
- Celebrity: Supermodel Gisele Bündchen
- Notability: This pairing was one of the most admired celebrity-athlete marriages of the modern era, blending sports and fashion worlds until their 2022 split.
Alex Rodriguez & Jennifer Lopez
- Athlete: MLB star Alex Rodriguez
- Celebrity: Superstar singer, actress, and businesswoman Jennifer Lopez
- Notability: Their engagement and public appearances made them a media favorite, as they represented success across sports, music, and Hollywood before their breakup in 2021.
Gerard Piqué & Shakira
- Athlete: Soccer star Gerard Piqué
- Celebrity: Global pop sensation Shakira
- Notability: As an international power couple, their relationship captivated fans until their high-profile split in 2022, sparking media coverage worldwide.
Mike Tyson & Robin Givens
- Athlete: Heavyweight boxing champion Mike Tyson
- Celebrity: Actress Robin Givens
- Notability: Their turbulent relationship in the late 1980s and eventual divorce were highly publicized, drawing media scrutiny due to Tyson’s fame and Givens’ Hollywood status.
Derek Jeter & Mariah Carey
- Athlete: MLB superstar Derek Jeter
- Celebrity: Pop diva Mariah Carey
- Notability: Their romance in the late 1990s attracted major media attention, as both were at the peak of their careers, blending baseball and pop music fan bases.
Cristiano Ronaldo & Irina Shayk
- Athlete: Global soccer icon Cristiano Ronaldo
- Celebrity: International supermodel Irina Shayk
- Notability: This high-profile relationship brought together fans of sports and fashion, generating substantial global attention until their split in 2015.
Jim Brown & Raquel Welch
- Athlete: NFL great Jim Brown
- Celebrity: 1960s actress and sex symbol Raquel Welch
- Notability: Their brief romance in the late 1960s was widely publicized, pairing one of football’s biggest names with one of Hollywood’s top actresses.
David Justice & Halle Berry
- Athlete: MLB star David Justice
- Celebrity: Academy Award-winning actress Halle Berry
- Notability: Their marriage in the 1990s was a major Hollywood-sports relationship, attracting significant media attention until their eventual split.
Andre Agassi & Barbra Streisand
- Athlete: Tennis star Andre Agassi
- Celebrity: Iconic singer and actress Barbra Streisand
- Notability: Their surprising romance in the early 1990s sparked media interest, partly due to their age difference and Streisand’s established star status.
Tony Romo & Jessica Simpson
- Athlete: NFL quarterback Tony Romo
- Celebrity: Pop singer and fashion icon Jessica Simpson
- Notability: The couple’s relationship attracted major media coverage, with Simpson regularly appearing at Romo’s games, creating buzz in both sports and pop culture.
Tony Parker & Eva Longoria
- Athlete: NBA champion Tony Parker
- Celebrity: Actress and international TV star Eva Longoria
- Notability: This glamorous couple attracted a lot of media attention, especially with their high-profile appearances, before their divorce in 2011.
CITATION
Bakanauskas, P. (2024, November 6). Athlete Relationships: 4 Examples of Taking Advantage of Sharing the Spotlight with Mainstream Celebrities. Play of Values. https://playofvalues.com/athlete-relationships-with-mainstream-celebrities/
IN-TEXT CITATION: (Bakanauskas, 2024)
List of References
- Baron, M. (2024). The Swift Effect: How Popstar Taylor Swift has Brought Business and Viewership to the National Football League. Marketing Undergraduate Honors Theses. Article.
- Bates, D. (2023, May 27). Here’s Every Athlete To Ever Date A Kardashian. The Spun. Article.
- Bell, B. (2023, October 2). Chiefs-Jets NFL Game Hits 27 Million Viewers as Taylor Swift Makes Second Week Cheering on Travis Kelce. Variety. Article.
- Dunbar, M. D. (1999). Dennis Rodman—“Barbie Doll Gone Horribly Wrongs”: Marginalized Masculinity, Cross-Dressing, and the Limitations of Commodity Culture. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 7(3), 317-336. Article.
- Edison Research (2023, December 5). Welcome to New Heights (Taylor’s Version). Article.
- England, A. (2023, July 10). Dennis Rodman’s Dating History: From Madonna to Carmen Electra. People.com. Article.
- Fleming, M. (2024, April 16). Viewership records and crying swifties: Taylor Swift and the NFL’s budding business relationship. Front Office Sports. Article.
- Hailu, S. (2024, February 14). Super Bowl 2024 Was the Most-Watched Telecast of All Time, Reaching 123.7 Million Viewers. Variety. Article.
- Largest TV audience – series. (1999, February 2). Guinness World Records. https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/66933-largest-tv-audience-series
- Lewis, G. (2022, October 29). How Dennis Rodman transformed culture by teaching us to buck norms. How Dennis Rodman Transformed Culture by Teaching Us to Buck Norms – the Emory Wheel. Article.
- Loshala. (2023, October 24). David and Victoria Beckham’s combined net worth reflects their immense wealth – DJ Mastermind. DJ Mastermind. Article.
- Maaddi, R. (2023, November 20). “Analysis: Thriving NFL Benefits Most from Taylor Swift-Travis Kelce Relationship.” AP News. Article.
- Mason, D. S. (1999). What is the sports product and who buys it? The marketing of professional sports leagues. European Journal of Marketing, 33, 402–419.
- Morgan, E. (2023, September 26). Travis Kelce Was a Star. Taylor Swift Put Him in Another Orbit. New York Times [Digital Edition], NA. Article.
- Morton, A. (2000). Posh and Becks. London, UK: Michael O’Mara Books
- Osborne, A., Sherry, E., & Nicholson, M. (2016). Celebrity, scandal and the male athlete: A sport media analysis. European Sport Management Quarterly, 16(3), 255-273.
- Shapiro, S. L., DeSchriver, T. D., & Rascher, D. A. (2017). The Beckham effect: Examining the longitudinal impact of a star performer on league marketing, novelty, and scarcity. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(5), 610-634. Article.
- Thomas, C. (2023, September 29). The Taylor Swift Effect Is Very Real and It’s Now Taking the Sports World by Storm. The Hollywood Reporter. Article.
- Traina, J. (2023, November 29). Travis Kelce and Jason Kelce Dominate the Podcast Game. Sports Illustrated. Article.
- Tucker, G. (2023, September 29). Taylor Swift Effect: Travis Kelce Podcast Gets 1M Extra YouTube Views than Previous Week. The Enquirer, Cincinnati Enquirer. Article.
- Vincent, J., Hill, J. S., & Lee, J. W. (2009). The multiple brand personalities of David Beckham: A case study of the Beckham brand. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 18(3), 173.
- Wahl, G. (2009). The Beckham experiment. New York, NY: Random House.
- Wikipedia contributors. (2024, November 6). Kris Humphries. Wikipedia. Article.
What are your favorite athlete relationships with mainstream celebrities?
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